1997年英语试题及答案
Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time .42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part timers and temporary workers. This "45" work force is the most important 46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.
41. A)swarm B)stride C)separate D)slip
42. A)For B)Because C)As D)Since
43. A)from B)in C)on D)by
44. A)Even though B)Now that C)If only D)Provided that
45. A)durable B)disposable C)available D)transferable
46. A)approach B)flow C)fashion D)trend
47. A)instantly B)reversely C)fundamentally D)sufficiently
48. A)but B)while C)and D)whereas
49. A)imposed B)restricted C)illustrated D)confined
50. A)excitement B)conviction C)enthusiasm D)importance
97年的题目不算困难,主要的考点是同义词和逻辑关系。我们先读第一句,Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency.知道是说一个公司的问题,这个公司的特点是很大,人很多。因此,当41空说到这些员工们进入工作的时候,就要看那个词可以表示人多的情况,显然只有A选项。
42,43都是虚词选择,42选择的是连词,43 是介词,42选项里面有三个都是表示因果关系,我们就要考虑两句分句知否真正的因果关系,第一句话的意思是说,像通用那样的大公司,裁员来挣扎着生存,文章的主体公司却在快速的发展,显然不是因果关系,而更像一个比较关系,那么42里面只有C可以有这个意思。43选项前后的内容决定了选择的方向,43前面的说法是生存,后面的是裁员,所以指的就是用裁员的方法来生存,表示方法的选项就是D。
44依然是虚词题,选项的意思分别是即使,既然,仅当什么时候,假设。后面的句子意思是美国的经济在持续发展,临时工在不断的增加。那么经济的发展不会是临时工增加的因素,文章整体的意思是说,虽然经济发展,可是临时工依然不断增加。这一点,如果我们无法马上得出答案,也可以在下面的句子里面得出向同的答案。
45很容易,因为45修饰的是劳动力,前面一句话就有一个词也是修饰劳动力的,temporary,那么我们只要找那个词也是这个意思就可以了,比较选项,显然只有一个,就是B。
46前面的句子的意思是说,临时工成为美国最流行的什么,46选项本身都有流行趋势的意思,A 说的是方法,B是流动的意思,C强调时装和时尚,只有D是说的趋势。那么选D。
47我们还无法马上选出来,先放一放,看看后面讲的变化趋势是什么。
48是虚词题,我们要考虑究竟这些公司希望看到什么。he phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.
这个选项连接着两个句子,一个是说公司在全球范围内保持竞争优势,一个是避免成本,对于公司来说,肯定两个都要,所以48选B。
49一样的意思,雇佣条例加给企业的负担,那么就是A,强加于。
50说这个做法对于员工来说丧失了什么感觉呢? 我们不妨考虑,临时工对企业最缺乏什么感觉呢?就是忠诚感,因为他们没有被重视的感觉没,也就是sense of importance。
做到这里,其实讲的 就是临时工现象从根本上改变了劳动关系,因此不要忘记47选C。
Part IV English Chinese Translation
Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points).
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?
Many deny it. 74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake — a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.
This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
我们逐句来考虑如何翻译 :
71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
这句话有一些很简单的词很不好理解,你首先要考虑的是如何理解,然后才是考虑翻译的形式。
比如开头三个词,绝对不要翻成,“其实它不是的”,而要翻成 “事实并非如此”。
那么这里还有一个问题就是找指代项的问题。
在句子的主语位置出现代词,我们就需要往前找到这个代词指代的项。找指代的原则就是:就近找,平行找。”
就近找的意思容易理解,那么什么叫做平行找呢? 平行指的是语法层次的平行,也就是主句里的指代词,通常往前面的主句去找,从句里的指代词,往前的从句里去找。
前面一句话是:Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start.
显然最近的主语是it,再往前的单数名词只有question,那么这个句子和我们要翻译的句子,都是指question。
所以71句里面的主语就是“问题”。我们就可以翻译为:
事实并非如此,因为这一问题假设对于人权存在统一的解释,而这并不存在。
还要注意后半句里的which is something the world does not have.不能直接翻译,而是要解释他的真正意义,就是“这个世界并不存在(对于人权的统一解释)。”
72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
这句话非常的容易,主谓关系不是很复杂,单词比较难的就是entitlements,表示权利的意思,整句话我们可以直接的翻译为:
有些哲学家认为权利仅仅存在于社会契约当中,作为权利和义务交换的一部分。
73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
首先和71句一样,开头的it是需要找出指代项,那么我们必须继续往前看
The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.
显然只可能是point,因为后面的部分都是被说明的层次,不是主句。
注意下面句子的翻译要按照修饰关系和被修饰关系来做,先找出介词,to, at 然后考虑意思,
At the outset来自set out,由它变化而来的名次意思就是“开始”。所以前半句的意思就是这一观点从一开始,就把讨论引向极端。注意要先翻从一开始,然后才是翻译引向。后半句更难:
这一观点使得你认为,对待动物,要么应该像人们相互之间那样给与关心,要么完全不予以任何的关注。
这句话难度在于后半句的状语并列的部分,我们必须明确究竟如何处理这个状语和前面的动词之间的次序问题。对于复杂的状语,我们需要做的是把太长的部分分开翻译。
所以我们就先把动词拿到前面,再把剩下的状语放到后面一起翻译。
74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
74句的考点是动词的现在分词如何翻译。
现在分词的特点要取决于它所在的位置,在考研句子里面,如果现在分词用在开头,那么表示与后面的谓语动词主语相同,如果放在句子中间,那么表示与前面的谓语是同时的关系。
因此本句开头的arguing 和后面的think,是一种并列关系,而当然在意义上think 更加重要。
那么前半句如何处理呢? 关键还是在虚词from 它表示一种来源关系,因此我们翻译为:根据人类和动物在所有相关领域都截然不同的观点,这类极端主义分子认为,动物不属于道德领域。
后半句的难点在于lie outside the area of moral choice.,还是要进行意译,不可以直接翻译为“躺在道德选择的外面”。要翻译成为“不属于道德领域”。
75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
75句开头也是一样,先找出指代项.
This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy.
可是我们很郁闷的发现,这里的that 居然指的是前面的一个动作To see an animal in pain 那总不能把这个动作这样完整的搬过来吧,这种情况,请各位考生注意,翻译的办法就是:
把这个很长的主语简单的翻成:这一切,这些事物。
所以这句话我们就不是很困难,可以这样的翻出来:
当这一切发生的时候,却不算一种错误。因为在行为上遵守道德规范是人类的本能,这种本能注意应得到鼓励,不应遭到嘲笑。
注意几个词的理解,首先是moral reasoning in action,按说reasoning是他锐利的意思,我们说在行为上怎么样道德推理呢,显然我们只能说在行为上遵守道德规范。
那么97年题目给大家最大的启示在于,要找到合适的指代项,要努力翻译的流畅和符合语境。
(陈国辉,广州新东方国内外考试部,口语部,新概念部教师。2001年11月3日起在新东方任教。可以自由切换英式美式口语,人称“磁带BOOKSHELF ”。性喜读书,写字,神思渐广,衣带渐窄。常作深思,得闭目深山,开卷净土之觉。新东方考研全国巡讲团成员,并出版《考研词汇课堂〉软件。愿以文章结交天下隽士。)
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