Text 2

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trump's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a president's social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust” to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young people's reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media．In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to share on social media.

26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on                                         

【选项】

A．the justification of the news-filtering practice.

B．people's preference for social media platforms.

C．the administrations ability to handle information.

D．social media was a reliable source of news.

答案 [D]social media was a reliable source of news
解析：细节题。根据题干信息定位到文中第一段与第二段。文章第一段提到在美国超过2/3的年轻人反对总统特朗普使用推特。接着提到美国公民更希望从别的渠道获得白宫的信息，而不是从总统的社交平台。第二段第二句指出由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们可能想办法提高自身的媒体文化素养。由此可见，很多美国年轻人怀疑社交媒体值不值得信任。因此D选项符合文意。
27.【题干】The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to            

【选项】A

A．sharpen

B．define

C．boast

D．share

答案 [A] sharpen
解析：猜词题。根据题干定位到第二段第二句。上文提到大部分美国人依靠社交媒体来查看每日头条。第二句紧接着指出“由于美国人越来越不信任媒体，他们开始beef up 自身的媒体文化素养”。由此推测，美国人开始对媒体产生怀疑，所以是想办法强化自身的知识来辨别媒体可不可靠。选项中只有A项有(强化，加强)的含义。故A项为正确答案。 

28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey, young people             

【选项】

A．tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.

B．verify news by referring to diverse resources.

C．have s strong sense of responsibility.

D．like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

答案[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources. 
解析：根据题目中的survey可以得出，本题目为细节题的研究结论型。题干中已知的关键词the knight foundation survey告诉我们本题在第三段第二句话的位置，原句指出“A knight foundation focus-group survey of young people...found they use distributed trust to verify stories.”，意思是他们使用distributed trust来verify stories。而且下一句又详细指出，they cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives。结合选项可看出B选项verify与原文一致，news对应原文的stories，referring to diverse resources即distributed trust，B为正确答案。
29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is       

【选项】

A．readers outdated values.

B．journalists' biased reporting

C．readers' misinterpretation

D．journalists' made-up stories.

答案[C] readers’ misinterpretation.
解析：根据题目中的Barna survey得出，该题为细节题中的研究结论型题目。从题干中的关键提示信息The Barna survey以及fake news可得出，本题目定位到倒数第二段的位置。该段后半部分提到了Barna survey也提到了fake news，可以定位到About a third这一句，“About a third say the problem of fake news lies in misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news via social media.”。题干中的a main cause刚好对应了lie in，所以答案就是misinterpretation，对应选项得出C，readers’ misinterpretation。
30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

【选项】

A．A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

B．A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

C．The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.

D．The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.

答案[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.
解析：根据题目中的best title可以得出，本题目考查全文主旨。首先，我们可以通过题目中反复出现的信息看出文章与什么话题有关，题目出现了young Americans，并指出了doubts，fake news problem等负向色彩，因此，整篇文章的倾向是负向的。下一步，文章主旨一般出现在文章的第一段和第二段开头的位置，第一段是通过survey引出了文章要讨论的话题，说出了news和source的话题，第二段第二句通过yet引出要讨论的distrust等内容。总结得出，文章讲述的话题是news online，倾向态度是distrust在rise，对应选项就是A项，A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online.

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned．There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms. Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed" it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms. Denham's report is a welcome start.

31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?

【选项】

A．It caused conflicts among tech giants.

B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.

C．It fell short of the latter's expectations

D．It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

31. 答案B．It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.

这是一道具体细节题，问的是关于NHS和DeepMind之间的协议哪一个是对的。根据题干关键词具体定位置首段尾句，Elizabeth指控NHS旗下的一个医院，这个医院在2015年把160万病人的信息交给了DeepMind公司，基于一个模糊的协议，这个协议基本没有考虑到病人们的权利以及他们对于保护自己隐私的期望。由此可知NHS和DeepMind之间的协议没有考虑到病人的权利，答案是B。A和D选项在文中并未提及，C选项有干扰，没能满足后者的期望，但是文中说的是没有满足病人们对保护隐私的期望，而不是没能满足DeepMind的期望，属于偷换概念。

32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denham's verdict with              

【选项】

A．empty promises.

B．tough resistance.

C．necessary adjustments.

D．sincere apologies.

32.答案C．necessary adjustments.

这是一道具体细节题，问的是NHS面对对他的指控如何反应，根据关键词定位至第二段第二句，NHS已经改正错误了，短语mend one’s way即改正错误，改变习惯的意思，接着下面就具体解释做出了哪些安排，所以答案是C。

33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that                        

【选项】

A．privacy protection must be secured at all costs.

B．leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.

C．making profits from patients' data is illegal.

D．the value of data comes from the processing of it

33．答案D．the value of data comes from the processing of it

这是一道具体细节题，问作者在第二段阐述了什么观点，没有具体关键词，所以要通读第二段，然后和四个选项逐一比对，选出正确选项。A选项说要不惜一切代价保护隐私，B选项说泄露病人隐私比出售隐私更糟糕，C选项说利用病人信息获利是违法的，这三个选项二段中并未提及。D选项来自二段尾句，这种差别忽略了一点，即他是在加工和整合信息，不仅仅是拥有，而这给了信息以价值。说明信息的价值来自与对信息的加工整合。所以答案是D。

34.【题干】According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is          

【选项】

A．the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.

B．the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

C．the uncontrolled use of new software.

D．the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

34. 答案D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.  

这是一道具体细节题，题干问“在最后一段中，这种交易引发的真正担忧是什么”回到原文末段，第三句话提到what matters 重要的在于they belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources，这句话提到了真正的问题，和题干匹配，所以正确答案就是对这句的同义替换，故选D。A选项制药公司之间的恶性竞争来自定位句的下一句，但这句只提到制药公司，并未说他们存在恶性竞争；B选项隐私法的无效实施来自末端首句，但本句只说到the use of privacy law...feels slightly maladapted（不适应的），说成是ineffective程度过深；C选项新软件的不受控制的使用来自定位句下一句，是在if条件句里面所以也不可能成为真正的问题所在。

35.【题干】The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is            

【选项】

A．ambiguous.

B．cautious.

C．appreciative.

D．contemptuous.

35答案 B cautious

这是一道态度题，根据出题位置是最后一题以及定位词the application of AI to healthcare找到最后一段的相关的词语digital feudalism数字化封建主义是我们需要去avoid避免的，所以作者态度应该是消极的，故选B。最后一句还说到Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start. 说明作者对于这种报道是积极的态度，而报道在第一段中提到是against反对 NHS和DeepMind的交易的，所以可以看出来作者是比较担心过度的人工智能化的。