第一节：宏观把握

　　Well begun is half done.

　　一．单词记忆方法

　　1．遗忘发生的规律：艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线图

　　2．遗忘的原因：干扰(interference)还是消退(decay)？

　　前摄抑制与倒摄抑制

　　3．及时复习记忆单词

　　4．考前突击背单词：黑白记忆法

　　5．利用构词法提高记忆效率

　　6．少食多餐

　　7．联想记忆

　　8．过度学习

　　Nothing succeeds like success.

　　二．单词的辐射作用

　　1．单词在阅读中的作用

　　Example 1 (2002)

　　If you are part of the group
which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.

　　53. It can be inferred from the text that public services__________

　　[A] have benefited many people.

　　[B] are the focus of public attention.

　　[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor.

　　[D] have often been the laughing stock

　　Example 2 (1997)

　　At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992.

　　64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

　　[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.

　　[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.

　　[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.

　　[D] Steve Ross in no longer alive.

　　Example 3 (1999)

　　How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.

　　68. The author asserts that scientists __________.

　　[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought

　　[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

　　[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

　　[D] should be confident about their research findings

　　Example 4 (2003)

　　Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionage—spying as a “profession.” These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.

　　The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open-source intelligence”, and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

　　Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.straitford.com.

　　Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.

　　Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. (396)

　　51.The emergence of the Net has __________

　　[A] received support from fans like Donovan.

　　[B] remolded the intelligence services.

　　[C] restored many common pastimes.

　　[D] revived spying as a profession.

　　53.The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1, paragraph 3) most probably means __________

　　[A] causing the biggest trouble.

　　[B] exerting the greatest effort.

　　[C] achieving the greatest success.

　　[D] enjoying the widest popularity.

　　54.It can be learned from paragraph 4 that __________

　　[A] Straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true.

　　[B] Straiford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.

　　[C] Straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability.

　　[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.

　　55.Straitford is most proud of its __________

　　[A] official status.

　　[B] nonconformist image.

　　[C] efficient staff.

　　[D] military background.

　　By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.

　　52. The
loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American __________.

　　[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

　　[B] Semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

　　[C] Machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

　　[D] Auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

　　Example 6 (2005)

　　Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classis case of paralysis by analysis”.

　　What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)?

　　A) Endless studies kill action.

　　B) Careful investigation reveals truth.

　　C) Prudent planning hinders.

　　D) Extensive research helps decision-making.

　　Example 7 (2004)

　　Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

　　46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?

　　[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.

　　[B] A type of conspicuous bias.

　　[C] A type of personal prejudice.

　　[D] A kind of brand discrimination.

　　Example 8 (2004)

　　The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

　　49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”?

　　[A] They are getting impatient.

　　[B] They are noisily dozing off.

　　[C] They are feeling humiliated.

　　[D] They are busy with word puzzles.

　　Example 9 (2003)

　　In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.

　　Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

　　The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government’s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.

　　Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone’s cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers.

　　Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail’s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who’s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

　　62.What is many captive shippers’ attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?

　　[A] Indifferent.

　　[B] Supportive.

　　[C] Indignant.

　　[D] Apprehensive.

　　64.The word “arbiters” (line 6, paragraph 4) most probably refers to those __________

　　[A] who work as coordinators.

　　[B] who function as judges.

　　[C] who supervise transactions.

　　[D] who determine the price.

　　Example 10 (1996)

　　Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.

　　The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.

　　Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

　　67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to __________.

　　[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe

　　[B] a notion of the creation of religion

　　[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation

　　[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe

　　Tomorrow never comes.

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