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Ⅴ历届考研真题评析

2004

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

21.Ａ. acting B. relying C.centering D. cementing

22.Ａ. before B. unless C.until D. because

23.Ａ.interactions B. assimilation C.cooperation D. consultation

24.Ａ. return B. reply C.reference D. response

25. Ａ. or B. but rather C.but D. or else

26.Ａ. considering B. ignoring C.highlighting D. discarding

27. Ａ. on B. in C.for D. with

28.Ａ. immune B. resistant C.sensitive D. subject

29. Ａ. affect B. reduce C.chock D. reflect

30.Ａ. point B. lead C.come D. amount

31. Ａ. in general B. on average C.by contrast D. at length

32.Ａ. case B. short C.turn D. essence

33.Ａ. survived B. noticed C.undertaken D. experienced

34. Ａ. contrarily B. consequently C.similarly D. simultaneously

35.Ａ.than B. that C.which D. as

36. Ａ. system B. structure C.concept D. heritage

37. Ａ. assessable B. identifiable C.negligible D. incredible

38.Ａ. expense B. restriction C.allocation D. availability

39. Ａ. incidence B. awareness C.exposure D. popularity

40.Ａ. provided B. since C.although D. supposing

答案解析

21.C“很多有关少年犯罪原因的理论，要么把个人当成主要的影响因素，要么把社会当成主要的影响因素。关注个人的理论认为，孩子们的犯罪行为是因为他们先前的错误行为未受到应有的处罚或是因为别人的影响”。此题考查的是动词词组的用法。A act on是指“对…有影响、有作用”；B rely on 是指“依靠”；D cement意思是“加强、巩固”。只有C项center on可以表示围绕，关注，把…当成重点、中心、主题的意思，与上下文相契合。

22.D参见21题解析中的译文，22题的考察点是连词。A before;B unless“除非”;C until“直到”。这几项都与上下文句意格格不入。

23.A参见21题解析中的译文。“与别人的导致他们的犯罪行为”。B assimilation“消化，吸收”，与D consultation“询问”，均不与介词with连用，故只有A interactions“相互作用，相互影响”，与C cooperation“合作”，可与with连用。interaction不但有“相互协作、合作”的意思，还有“影响、作用”的意思，孩子们犯罪是因为一起生活时的影响，而不会仅仅是相处时的友好合作。

24.D“关注社会作用的理论认为孩子们犯罪是他们对在争取社会经济地位中的失败的反应，或是他们对中层阶级价值观的拒斥”。少有in return to 或in reference to这样的用法，故A return与C reference当排除在外。in reply to 与in response to 都是对…反应，回应的意思，只是in reply to 这一词组中，进行回应者的主观性、主动性更强些，而in response to 则稍显客观些。

25.A参见24题解析中的译文，可知所考查的连接词前后是并列成分，并没有转折的含义，故当选A。
26.B“Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.”(大多数关于少年犯罪的理论都聚焦在贫困弱势家庭，而忽略了富家子弟也会犯罪这一事实。)后半句是伴随状语从句。A considering“考虑”；C highlighting“强调”，这两项都与句意不符合。D discarding“抛弃”，这些理论是没有注意到状语从句中所表述的事实，而不是有意舍弃这些事实，故此题选B ignoring.

27.C“The latter may commit crimeslack of adequate parental control.”(富家子弟犯罪是因为缺乏足够的父母管教。)连接词后边的部分明显是所犯罪的原因，而只有for于此可以表示原因，故当选C。
28.D“All theories, however, are tentative and are to criticism.”(所有的理论都是尝试性的并都会受批评。)C be sentitive to criticism“对批评很敏感”，与上下文有偏离；而B be resistant to “对批评有抵抗力”；A be immune to .“对批评有免疫力”都与上下文意相悖。故只有D be subject to criticism符合文意。词组be subject to sth.:“often having, suffering or undergoing sth.;liable to sth.”“常有、常患或常遭遇某事物；倾向某物”。

29.A“Changes in social structure may indirectlyjuvenile crime rates.”(社会结构中的变化会间接影响少年犯罪率。)

30.BFor example, changes in the economy thatto fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.(例如，经济中的变化导致青年就业机会的减少和失业的上升，通常情况下，这又使获得有利可图的工作变得越来越困难。)A point to “指向”；B lead to“引向；导致”；C come to“到达”；D amount to“ (累计)达到”。
31.A 参见30题解析译文。这一题考察的是固定短语，A in general“通常”；B on average“平均”；C by contrast“相比，相对，相反”；D at length “最后”。

32.CThe resulting discontent may in lead more youths into criminal behavior.(最终的不满情绪进而会引导更多的青年走向犯罪。)这一句承接前面两句，是递进关系。A in case 不是一个完整的词组；B in short“总之”；D in essence“本质上”，都不合题意。只有C in turn“依次；逐个”，最适合上下文。

33.DFamilies have alsochanges these years.(这些年来，家庭也经历了一些变化。)C undertaken 表示从事，与句意相去甚远。B noticed“留心，看到”，此处若改noticed为 saw,还说得过去，因为see可以表示经历或进行某事。This coat of mine has seen hard wear.我这件大衣穿了很久了。see作experience/undergo解释。A survive意为幸存：continue to live or exist in spite of nearly being killed or destroyed by sth.这里若用survive changes，则意思是家庭虽经历了社会的变化而自身依然如故，正好与文意相反。

34.BMore families consist of one parent households or two working parents;,children are likely to have less supervision at home was common in the traditional family.(更多的单亲家庭和双职工家庭出现了。结果是，比起在传统的家庭结构中，孩子们受到的监督变少了。)根据文意，可知空格前后是因果关系。A contrarily,“相反地”；B consequently“结果”；C similarly“相似地”；D simultaneously“ 同时地”，只有B可以表示因果。

35.A参见34题，less…than是固定的搭配。

36.B参见34题。D family heritage“家庭遗传”；C family concept“家庭观念”很容易排除这两项。只有A system“家庭系统”，干挠性最强，但也少有这种表述，而用family structure则更为合适。
37.BOthercause of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased of drugs and alconol, and the growingof child abuse and child neglect.(其它可以察明的犯罪行为的原因有：在学校的挫折和失败，毒品和酒更为容易获得，虐待和忽视孩子的情形也有增长。)A assessable“可估测的”，C negligible“不值得考虑的”，D incredible“不可信的”，皆与文意相差太远。

38.D参见37题。A expense“ 花销”，B restriction “限制”，C allocation “分配”，D availability“可用，可得”。A项差强人意，但有了D项，不仅语法畅顺，而且在文意上更合情理。
39.AB awareness与C exposure 都很容易排除。D popularity,也可以表示“普遍性”，但又含有“受人欢迎”的意思。较popularity 而言，prevalence则中性了一些，但选项中没有prevalence.A incidence指“发生率；影响范围”，与prevalence接近，故选A。

40.C文中最后一句空格后有“…has not yet…”中就可以知道空格处的连接词应当表示转折，而只有C although“尽管”有转折意义，A、B、D三项都不合适。

译文

很多有关少年犯罪原因的理论，要么把个人当成主要的影响因素，要么把社会当成主要的影响因素。关注个人的理论认为孩子们的犯罪行为是因为他们先前的错误行为未受到应有的处罚或者他们受到他人犯罪行为的影响。关注社会因素的理论认为孩子们犯罪是他们对提高自身社会经济地位遭到失败而作出的反应或者是他们对中产阶级价值观念的拒绝。

大多数关于少年犯罪的理论都聚集在贫困弱势家庭里的孩子，而忽略了来自富裕家庭的孩子也会犯罪的事实，富家子弟犯罪是因为缺乏足够的父母管教。但是所有的理论都是尝试性的，并都会受到批评。
社会结构的变化会间接影响少年犯罪率。例如：经济中的变化导致青年就业机会的减少和失业的上升。通常情况下，这又使获得有利可图的工作变得越来越困难，最终的不满情绪导致更多的青年走向犯罪。
这些年来，家庭也发生了一些变化，更多单亲家庭和双职工家庭出现了。结果是比起在传统家庭结构中，孩子们受到的管教减少了。这种父母管教的缺乏被认为对少年犯罪率是有影响的。其它可以察明的犯罪行为的原因有：在学校的挫折和失败，毒品和酒更容易获得，虐待和忽视孩子情形的增长。所有这些状况导致了一个孩子犯罪行为可能性的增长，尽管这种直接原因关系还没有建立起来。

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